the aztecs Essay -- essays research papers

The Aztecs were an American Indian people who ruled a mighty empire in Mexico from the 1400s to the 1500s. The Aztecs had one of the nigh advanced civilizations in the Americas and built cities as large as any in Europe at that time. They alike practiced a remarkable theology that affected every part of their lives and featured human sacrifice. The Aztecs built towering temples, created huge sculptures, and held impressive ceremonies all for the purpose of worshipping their gods. The Spaniards destroyed their magnificent empire in the year 1521, scarce the Aztecs left a give-up the ghosting mark on Mexican life and culture . The majority of the Aztecs lived in what is now called the valley of Mexico. determined at an elevation of over 7,000 feet, the large valley has housed many great cities. From the massive pyramids of Tenochtitlan, to the inhabitants of the vast hub of modern Mexico City, the great valley has been the heartland of many empires . The mighty Aztecs were the last indigenous group of people to enter the Valley of Mexico. Like many other pre-Columbian cultures, the Aztecs developed their own political system, religion, social structure, agricultural techniques, life style and worldview . The Aztecs were truly unique. The early Aztecs were semi-nomadic hunters and farmers. According to legend, in about 1000 AD the Aztecs left their mythic, island homeland of Aztlan in the desert frontiers of northern Mexico to begin their 100-year migration south to the Valley of Mexico. Led by their powerful patron god, Huiziloposhtli, they move their migration southward, stopping along the way to plant crops, to build temples for their gods, and to offer human sacrifices in their honor . From groups they encountered as they traveled, the Aztecs adopted new customs and traditions. The Aztecs were becoming a very religious people. When the Aztecs reached the Valley of Mexico in about 1193, this fertile inland basin was already intemperately populated an d little land was left for them to colonize. The Aztecs appeared rude and uncivilized to the members of the older city-states that clustered around the basin . For about another 100 years they continued to look for a permanent home. As they continued their search they served as mercenary soldiers and servants... ...s have found the site of the Great Temple in business district Mexico City where Tenochtitlan was once located. Archaeologists have uncovered all four sides of the building and recovered about 6,000 objects, including jewelry, pottery, statues, wall carving, and remains of human and animal sacrifices. They have also restored some other Aztec buildings. After the Spanish arrival, Aztec culture came to an abrupt end. Art, literature, customs, religious figures, and almost every trace of the Aztecs were destroyed. However, some Aztec heritage still survives in the midst of modern day Mexico. They are the largest aboriginal group in Mexico and retain their ancient Aztec lan guage. Their religion is also a combination of Roman Catholicism and Aztec tribal religion. Thousands of people in Mexico have Aztec ancestors, and many of them speak a modern form of the language of ancient Tenochtitlan, Nahuatl. Many Mexican place names keep an eye on from Nahuatl. Foods that come from the Aztec include chili, chocolate, and tacos. They have become popular in many countries. Descendants of the Aztec live many places including the United States. The Aztec civilization may be gone, but it will never be forgotten.

Eulogy for Father :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for FatherAs you all know, there were certain things Loyd liked -- dogs, and poker games, football, and airplanes -- and there were certain things he didnt like -- carrots, political speeches, telephone solicitations (especially those made by insurance men), and long-winded eulogies. I wont do that because for every story that I could tell today to the highest degree Loyd, his friends here today could tell fifty more. I am very secure in the knowledge that Loyd lived every day of his life to the fullest and I odor that Mother and Delia Ruth are secure in that knowledge as well up. And we are very grateful to you all to be here today with us to honor his life. As Brother Sam said, Papa was born in Norfolk County, Virginia, the son of Ovie and Ruth Owen. One of his earliest memories was of crossing the Mississippi River on his room back home to Texas where he lived, except for his time in the Army Air Corps, until his death this past Saturday. He graduated from Junction High shallow in 1938 and he very much enjoyed his memories of playing football for the Eagles, a game that he continued to love throughout his life, second only to poker, and virtually recently, the lottery. He enlisted in the Air Force on July 30, 1940 and was given the opportunity to become an enlisted pilot with the rank of Staff Sergeant Pilot . His membership in the Army Air Corps Enlisted Pilots Association gave him great pleasure and just last month in Austin he and his buddies refought the war at their bi-annual reunion. Youll be very pleased to know we won again. He was a graduate of the class of 42-H from Kelly Field and flew fifty-one bombing missions in North Africa, Sicily, and Italy. He get married Dortha W. of Menard the same day he received his wings, September 6, 1942. He liked to say he got his wings that morning and had them clipped that afternoon. For more than 50 age he has owned and operated Busters Laundry and Cleaners, first with his parents and then as sole proprietor. He was very proud of his business and once we were in concert at a social gathering in Kerrville and he had been sitting there with that look on his face you all know so well listening to self-important oil men and bankers talk about their work.

Brave New World Essay -- Literary Analysis, Aldous Huxley

prevail New World written by Aldous Huxley and Nineteen Eighty- Four written by George Orwell reveal characters of the future world that have mixed-up freedom due to the loss of valued qualities. Bernard Marx, Lenina Crowne, and Helmholtz Watson compare to the characters in Nineteen Eighty- Four who were govern under Big Brother. Bernard, Lenina, and Helmholtz disclose the loss of valued traits such as, responsibility, respect, individuality, and the capability of true love. In the future society Bernard, Lenina, and Helmholtz live in, they lack normal responsibilities. Consequences are unheard of. In Nineteen Eighty- Four Winston and other characters had authentic responsibilities. They had to attend work and have children which were their duties but, they did not have to worry somewhat normal responsibilities. They simply had no freedom to do as they please. In intrepid New World they used a drug called Soma to escape on their holiday. It became a necessity for them. Lenina a lways sang, A gramme is better than a damn (Huxley 78). They did not know how to function without their escape drug. Society was dependent on Soma, The holiday it gave was perfect and, if the morning after was disagreeable, it was so, not intrinsically, but whole by comparison with the joys of the holiday. The remedy was to make the holiday continuous (103). The characters in Brave New World were responsible for their happiness. They did not ever worry about dealing with any kind of consequences for their actions. They simply did as they pleased and took Soma to fix any type of problem. When tooshie does not follow Lenina back to her means after the day they spent together she begins to tear, Drying her eyes, Lenina walked across the roof to the lift. On her way dow... ...Still wearing her shoes and socks, and her rakishly titled round white cap, she groundbreaking towards him. Darling. Darling If only youd said so before (131). Lenina was dying to have sex with John. It was th e only way she could express her feelings. She did not love John the way he loved her. Lenina was convinced it was the same because, she did not understand what true love was. Due to the lack of freedom and independence the characters in Brave New World do not have valued qualities. Bernard Marx, Lenina Crowne, and Helmholtz Watson lack many qualities that make one human. In Nineteen Eighty- Four society was ruled under a close watch. They also lacked important valued qualities. Bernard, Lenina, and Helmholtz reveal the loss of valued traits such as, responsibility, respect, individuality, and the capability of true love throughout the novel.

Sri Lanka - Light at the End of the Tunnel? Essay -- Politics Governme

Sri Lanka - Light at the End of the Tunnel?The Sunday, March 3, 2002 issue of The New York Times have an article by Barbara Crossette, The War on Terror Points a Country Toward Peace. The second sentence of this article stated A week ago, the government of Sri Lanka and the poke Tigers of Tamil Eelam, one of Asias most ruthless and totalitarian rebel movements, agreed to a firm cease-fire, with the promise of peace talks to come.1 But ar the LTTE planning on keeping their promises this time? Is Sri Lankas 20 year old struggle finally coming to its end? Is there a light at the end of the tunnel?The story of the conflict extends into colonial times, when Sri Lanka was a formal colony of Great Britain. Even then politics were already split a presbyopic rigid ethnic lines2 Sri Lanka is populated by two ethnic groups, the Tamils and the Sinhalese. The Tamils constitute only 15% of the total population in Sri Lanka. But, according to Stuart Bell from discipline Post, the Sinhalese stil l feel as a minority within the wider region3, because of Sri Lankas geographic position, only 30 kilometers off the coast of Indias Tamil Nadu. Another factor to be taken into consideration is that Sri Lanka is the only place in the world that the Sinhalese culture exists in. There is no straits that the Sinhalese feel even more threatened because of that. Additional differences adding oil to the fire between the two groups arelanguage (Tamil vs. Sinhala) religion (mostly Hindu vs. Buddhist) history interpretations moral superiority claims question of the original inhibition of the island. The post-colonial government took the path of an extreme pro-Sinhalese mood, after coming into power on Februa... ...n the weapons inflow. The LTTE have also been loosing their authenticity among their supporters.Secondly, the country itself, seems to also have grown extremely weary of the constant human and economic sacrifices. Both sides, it seems, cant go on, and are real ready to compromi se. And thirdly, the growing global no-tolerance atmosphere itself, as mentioned earlier, is playing an important role in taming the tigers this time. As The Hindu asserts the post-September 11 world might attest an increasingly tough place even for groups that fight their battles within a defined geographical territory in remote corners of the globe, like the LTTE, to use flagellum as a strategy.19I think, that the combination of these three factors might result to be just the right mix to, finally, put an end to a 20-year long war in Sri Lanka. And the country will see the light.

Male Friendship :: essays research papers

What is a friend? Maybe they ar people who will lis cristal to you, or people who you can chief around each the time, or maybe even just people who fall apartt boast to do anything only if sit with you at lunch. As Asher put it, Friends are substantial sources of dudeship and recreations, share advice and valued possessions, serve as trusted confidants and critics, act as loyal allies, and provide stability in times of melodic line or transition (qtd. in Dolich 1) Even in the beginning, when man was first created and put in the Garden of Eden to work the ground, there was a lack for friendship and companionship. As God says while watching Adam work, it is not good for man to be alone. I will illuminate a companion for him. (qtd. in Adam218). From the rib of Adam, God created Eve who was to be Adams companion forever. Do we even need this companionship, and if so is it important? As a recent poll of high school students shows, forty percent mean that friends are very imp ortant to them. While only ten percent believe that friends werent that important at all. Sixty percent of those questioned said that if their friends were to change and become more popular, then they would change themselves as soundly just to fulfill in and keep the friends they had (survey 2005). As one of these students points out, Well its better than being alone all the time, this mode at least(prenominal) you have person to hangout with and talk to(interview 2005). So in a day and age when teenagers especially are known for trying to act as individuals, we can sympathise that in most cases people are the products of the influences put on them by their friends.Artwork whether it is a painting, a drawing, or photograph is a big way to express the importance of friendship. The photograph Be a legitimate Friend, shows two male friends. Out at night, in a boat, not doing much but rowing. Along with this photograph is a caption saying, the only way to have a friend is to be o ne (Be a True Friend). From the caption, as substantially as the picture itself, you get the impression that these two people who arent doing anything but rowing, are great friends. You get the feeling that they dont have to do anything but be there for one another, and because they are there for one another they are the greatest of friends.Male acquaintance essays research papers What is a friend? Maybe they are people who will listen to you, or people who you can boss around all the time, or maybe even just people who dont have to do anything but sit with you at lunch. As Asher put it, Friends are important sources of companionship and recreations, share advice and valued possessions, serve as trusted confidants and critics, act as loyal allies, and provide stability in times of stress or transition (qtd. in Dolich 1) Even in the beginning, when man was first created and put in the Garden of Eden to work the ground, there was a need for friendship and companionship. As God sa ys while watching Adam work, it is not good for man to be alone. I will make a companion for him. (qtd. in Adam218). From the rib of Adam, God created Eve who was to be Adams companion forever. Do we even need this companionship, and if so is it important? As a recent poll of high school students shows, forty percent believe that friends are very important to them. While only ten percent believe that friends werent that important at all. Sixty percent of those questioned said that if their friends were to change and become more popular, then they would change themselves as well just to fit in and keep the friends they had (survey 2005). As one of these students points out, Well its better than being alone all the time, this way at least you have someone to hangout with and talk to(interview 2005). So in a day and age when teenagers especially are known for trying to act as individuals, we can see that in most cases people are the products of the influences put on them by their frien ds.Artwork whether it is a painting, a drawing, or photograph is a big way to express the importance of friendship. The photograph Be a True Friend, shows two male friends. Out at night, in a boat, not doing much but rowing. Along with this photograph is a caption saying, the only way to have a friend is to be one (Be a True Friend). From the caption, as well as the picture itself, you get the impression that these two people who arent doing anything but rowing, are great friends. You get the feeling that they dont have to do anything but be there for one another, and because they are there for one another they are the greatest of friends.

Male Friendship :: essays research papers

What is a friend? Maybe they are people who give listen to you, or people who you substructure boss somewhat all the time, or maybe even and people who dont contribute to do anything but sit with you at lunch. As Asher hurl it, Friends are important sources of companionship and recreations, share advice and valued possessions, serve as trusted confidants and critics, accomplishment as loyal allies, and provide perceptual constancy in generation of stress or transition (qtd. in Dolich 1) Even in the beginning, when man was first created and put in the Garden of Eden to pass the ground, there was a need for friendship and companionship. As God says while watching Adam work, it is not good for man to be alone. I will make a companion for him. (qtd. in Adam218). From the rib of Adam, God created Eve who was to be Adams companion forever. Do we even need this companionship, and if so is it important? As a recent poll of high school students shows, forty percentage believe that friends are very important to them. While provided ten percent believe that friends werent that important at all. Sixty percent of those questioned said that if their friends were to change and become more popular, then they would change themselves as well just to fit in and keep the friends they had (survey 2005). As one of these students points out, Well its better than being alone all the time, this way at least you have someone to hangout with and talk to(interview 2005). So in a day and age when teenagers especially are known for trying to act as individuals, we heap see that in most cases people are the products of the influences put on them by their friends.Artwork whether it is a painting, a drawing, or tear is a hulky way to express the importance of friendship. The photograph Be a True Friend, shows two male friends. Out at night, in a boat, not doing frequently but rowing. Along with this photograph is a caption saying, the only way to have a friend is to be one (Be a True Friend). From the caption, as well as the picture itself, you get the impression that these two people who arent doing anything but rowing, are great friends. You get the looking at that they dont have to do anything but be there for one another, and because they are there for one another they are the greatest of friends. staminate Friendship essays research papers What is a friend? Maybe they are people who will listen to you, or people who you can boss around all the time, or maybe even just people who dont have to do anything but sit with you at lunch. As Asher put it, Friends are important sources of companionship and recreations, share advice and valued possessions, serve as trusted confidants and critics, act as loyal allies, and provide stability in times of stress or transition (qtd. in Dolich 1) Even in the beginning, when man was first created and put in the Garden of Eden to work the ground, there was a need for friendship and companionship. As God says while watching Adam work, it is not good for man to be alone. I will make a companion for him. (qtd. in Adam218). From the rib of Adam, God created Eve who was to be Adams companion forever. Do we even need this companionship, and if so is it important? As a recent poll of high school students shows, forty percent believe that friends are very important to them. While only ten percent believe that friends werent that important at all. Sixty percent of those questioned said that if their friends were to change and become more popular, then they would change themselves as well just to fit in and keep the friends they had (survey 2005). As one of these students points out, Well its better than being alone all the time, this way at least you have someone to hangout with and talk to(interview 2005). So in a day and age when teenagers especially are known for trying to act as individuals, we can see that in most cases people are the products of the influences put on them by their friends.Artwor k whether it is a painting, a drawing, or photograph is a big way to express the importance of friendship. The photograph Be a True Friend, shows two male friends. Out at night, in a boat, not doing much but rowing. Along with this photograph is a caption saying, the only way to have a friend is to be one (Be a True Friend). From the caption, as well as the picture itself, you get the impression that these two people who arent doing anything but rowing, are great friends. You get the feeling that they dont have to do anything but be there for one another, and because they are there for one another they are the greatest of friends.

The Transformation of Psychology

The Transformation of Pyschology From the 1920s to today, psychological science has surely developed. Technological advancements as well as new-fang guide ideas and ways of thinking about the subject helped to reform what psychological science is today. Rather than completely changing, psychology has actually built up more and more through with(predicate) the decades. New branches were added to the field as those who studied it made new breakthroughs. Over the years many scientists and psychologists have contributed to the transformation of psychology. Up until the 1920s, psychology was defined as the science of mental life.It wasnt until then that the idea of behaviorism became more prominent in psychology. During the time period between the 1920s and the 1960s, American psychologists led by John Watson redefined the meaning of psychology into a science of mental life and observable behavior. Not only did Watson redefine psychology, he also started the psychological school of beh aviorism. It was also around this time that Watson and his partner Rosalie Rayner conducted their conditioning experiment. The idea of classical conditioning came into play when behaviorism became a major branch of psychology.Between the 1950s and 1970s, the mental perspective of psychology came back, producing another new branch. This new branch was called cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology focused mainly on mental processes such as thinking, problem solving, memory, decision making, and language. The term cognitive psychology was first used in 1967 by the American psychologist named Ulric Neisser. To go along with cognitive psychology is the topic of cognitive development. This theory was concerned with the development of a persons thought process.Jean Piaget published The Moral Judgment of Children which began his popularity as a theoriser in cognitive development. As a reaction to behaviorism and psychoanalysis (a type developed by Freud, before the 1920s) , another ne w type of psychology called humanism arose. Humanistic psychology stressed the importance of self-actualization and bob upth, and focused mainly on ones potential. This new view on psychology was created by Abraham Maslow in the 1950s. He published Toward a Psychology of Being, in which he described humanistic psychology as the third force in psychology (behind behavioral and psychoanalysis).After the emergence of these new branches, psychology started to sustain more technologically advanced. Scientists and psychologists became interested in exploring the brain without removing it from subjects. They started to develop new technology. An example of this was in 1981, when a team developed the PET scan, which enabled doctors to view a computer generated image of the brain and when it is most active during certain mental activities. Today, technology continues to improve, which help psychologists recognise more. Through the decades, psychology has undergone some great changes.As ne w ideas came into play, new ways of thinking molded and shaped psychology into what it is today. Not only did psychology become a science of behavioral and mental life, but it also gained new branches that go even deeper. Psychology will most likely continue to grow and develop over the years. As technology advances, scientists and psychologists will discover even more and psychology will continue to expand as it did from the 1920s until now.

Patagonia Clothing Company

BUSN 119Fundamentals of BusinessFall 2010 Instructor Drew Smylie emailprotected centennialcollege. ca Assignment worth 5% Type your answers onto this document. Drop into Digital Dropbox before class on Monday, Nov 29/10 ____________________________________________________________ ___________________ Patagonia Clothing Company Watch this video http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=O3TwULu-Wjw Answer these questions 1. What series of events caused Yvon Chouinard, the CEO of Patagonia, to switch to using organic cotton in their manufacturing facilities? 2.Patagonia stresses the importance of hiring employees with passion a passion for anything, not just sports. Why do they place such importance upon passion? Yvon Chouinard believes that there are twain kind of thinking approach of people, these are as under - 1)Western Approach - People used to bye every stuff. 2)Eastern Approach- People believe in oneself and create a new thing. So, they are giving so much intension to passion 3. What eff ect do you think that Patagonias practice of donating to environmental groups has upon employee productivity and retention? . Name 4 ways Patagonia is reducing environmental impingement and demonstrating social responsibility.Patagonia has a great technique of reducing environmental impact and demonstrating social responsibility. These ways are as below- 1) Reduce To get by with fewer clothes they have to be an excellent quality so workers can get paid, customer can satisfies and cost may be maintained. 2) Repair all garment facility of repairs are provided. 3) Reuse - By re use of garments like donation etc. , ) Recycle cloth can be recycle. 5. Describe Patagonias One % for the Planet program. Ans It is the proportion to the nongovernmental organization from the company. One type of social responsibility. The company has already donated 30 million to such organizations. It is a one type of environment program. It is a business bail who believes that profit and loss are direct ly linked to the health of our environment. Apart of this, this business also related with social & environmental effect of the industry.

How Are Theories Formed?

What is a Theory? We oftentimes hear psyche say Thats just a supposition or on the contrary In system and in practice, it al slipway works. This term may indeed hold in itself a somewhat questionable on a lower floortone, and lead to confusion and misuse. Lets intuitive feeling at the origin of the word according to an etymology dictionary, system derives from the Greek theoreo which means to look at, to prise. The definition tells us that one must graduation exercisely observe a phenomenon so that a guess about a certain aspect of it could form. in that respect argon essentially three forms of theories, and although they be different, all of them have one thing in common a theory is always born with observation. The first form is theory as a belief, found in humanities such as philosophy and arts this type is a theory that give the axe guide or predict certain behavior in a kind situation. For example Maslows Hierarchy of Needs or the Karl Marx Theory of Bureaucr acy. This is when someone might say Thats just a theory.The second form of theory is used primarily as a possibility, in new(prenominal) words as a tentative insight into the natural creation for example, the most famous in this category would be the Evolution Theory or in physics a String Theory. Finally, the third form is the scientific theory, and according to www. wordnet. princeton. edu, it is A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world an unionised system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to formulate a specific set of phenomena. In order for a theory to be considered scientific, it needs to satisfy certain parameters, which distinguishes it from the other two forms. Firstly, a scientific theory will formulate how nature works for example normalitys Theory of Universal Gravitation, or Kinetic Theory of Gases, and it will do so with significant evidence unlike in the other forms, a scientific theory is always well tested by numerous experiments. This leads to the next point scientific theories are mathematical in nature, meaning they explain measurable phenomena, and not abstract concepts, such as the theories in the first category.Why did I state that String Theory and Evolution Theory are not scientific theories as opposed to Kinetic Theory of Gases? The answer lies in the hypothesis of these theories. A hypothesis is a proposal intended to explain certain observations, a prediction. It must be testable, meaning that whichever prediction you subscribe, you need to be able to prove it works. It also must be falsifiable, meaning capable of being proven wrong. In both the String Theory and the Evolution Theory, the hypothesis fails, because you cannot possibly test them and also prove them wrong. These are the steps in the formation of a scientific theory 1.Observation 2. Hypothesis based on observation 3. Experiments 4. Evidence 5. Theory First form doesnt call it to step 3 and second for m doesnt make it to step 4 only scientific theories make it to step 5. The method outlined in these steps is called an inducive approach to science. It was introduced by Francis Bacon and he said that a scientist needs to erase what he knows in terms of science, and start with a unused slate, tabula rasa his knowledge will be based on observation, lead to hypothesis, then to evidence (or lack thereof), then to theory and its generalization.The relationship between a theory and evidence is crucial without evidence, there is no theory and no science, just random observations. To better demonstrate inductive method, lets take Aristotle as an example. He observed dropping d bear two objects at the same time, and with numerous experiments he saw that objects which are heavier fall faster to the ground than ignitor ones. So that was his theory, and it stayed that way until Galileo Galilei opposed it. This is what inductive method is about you base your theory on observation and make it a scientific fact until something else contradicts it.It is resembling to coming across mammals and saying all animals are warm blooded until you come across a reptile. When Galileo objected to Aristotles theory, he said to forget inductive method and instead focus science on the deductive approach, an exact opposite. Instead a scientist would work from an already existing theory an argument is that scientists make progress when they hold an idea in mind and then they go to observe and gather evidence for that idea/theory.Proponents of the deductive method assert that science makes progress through meta-theories, meaning that in place of one theory, another one will emerge. So when Galileo opposed Aristotles theory, he proposed that the different speeds of objects move to the ground have nothing to do with their masses, but instead occur because of air resistance and acceleration due to a gravitational pull. He was secure and Aristotle was wrong. Below is a summary of how ev idence and a theory interact in their relation to each other. Evidence - theory (inductive) Theory - evidence (deductive)Meta-theory - theory - evidence (deductive) As mentioned throughout the paper, the validity of a theory and its worthiness depend primarily on the evidence and proof which is gathered after the theory has been stated. For example, the recent theory that all physical objects in the world and all living organisms are holograms is mind bending and would be a tremendous breakthrough in the world of science had the hypothesis been testable. Just like with the Theory of Evolution and Theory of Creationism, the Theory of a Hologram World, remains a theory yet to be proved right.The issue here though is everywherewhelming how much information and evidence does one theory require in order for it to become a law/fact of science? And even when it does become a law such as Law of Gravity or Law of Multiplication Table in mathematics, it exists only as far as contradictory evidence is not presented, because in science, observations take precedence over everything else. Scientists also know that in science, there is no certainty. Before 1800s people thought they have sufficient evidence that the Earth was flat, it is funny to us now, but who knows maybe in three centuries down the road we will also be laughed at.Going back to the question of how much evidence is require for a theory to become accepted as science this has also to do with the way a theory is structured, worded. Again, its linked to mathematics and measurement the more than precise the theory is in terms of numbers, the easier it would be to measure it. The more vague and open to interpretation it is, the harder it would be to come to a conclusion. This is relate with issues of metaphysical/ontological theories examination of nature as a physical experience versus a mental, spiritual experience.Another very important issue arises from the question who questiones scientific theorie s? At the end of the day, science is researched by people, and written by people. When evaluating theories, one might question the bias factor and the personal interest factor in the developments of science. Enterprise and governmental politics may play a key role when time will come to take a closer look at a contentednessious theory. Part 2 Question 4 One of the most controversial issues is regarding the question whether psychology really can be encompassed as a science or not.Psychology means the study of the human mind, also the study of human behavior, and science in its simplest definition is the explaining of the world through empirical and numerical evidence. Science as a concept is very structured because the very nature of things it looks at, can be researched and studied under laboratory, experimental conditions. Paul Lutus, in his article Is Psychology a Science? states, We should determine whether psychology can be relied on to objectively support the social and lega l policies that are based on it.In modern times, such a serious public burden can only be borne by a field that is based on reason, on science. If psychology is in fact responsible for providing answers, what is the content of this science? Psychology differs from biology and neuroscience primarily because it is concerned with the study of the mind rather than the brain. It focuses on the study of concepts of perception, cognition, interpersonal relationships between people and what motivates individuals to behave the way they do. Psychology also aims at treating mental disorders and classifying abnormalities and ways to cure them.Psychology differs from other social sciences such as anthropology, economics and sociology due to experimentation and the primary focus on the individual, or on lesser groups of individuals, rather than society as a whole. The next question would be, what is the methodology applied in psychology as a science to research the content? As the object of int erest in psychology is the human mind, the most effective way to gain insight would be to apply projective techniques to the subjects of research. Projective techniques involve postulation subjects to interpret or fill in visual stimuli, complete sentences, or report what ssociations particular words bring to mind. The way the questions are structured, enables the patients to project their own personalities onto the stimulus, often revealing personal conflicts, motivations, coping styles, and other characteristics. The best known projective test is the inkblot test test, created in the 1920s by a Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach (rorschach. org). It consists of a series of ten cards, each containing a complicated inkblot. Some are in black and white, some are in color subjects are asked to describe what they see in each card.Another famous projective technique in its purest form was established by Sigmund Freud, called free association, where the subjects are told not to filt rate out anything that comes into their mind and speak it out freely, so that language and voice communication acts as a direct channel to what is going on deep down a persons head. Methodology applied in psychology, consists of essential three elements research, diagnosis and therapy. Most importantly, in order for diagnosis and therapy to be meaningful, the research i. e. he experiments need to be conducted in a way that assumes minimal bias and maximum control of the variables. Psychology is excellent at describing phenomena, however it often cannot reliably explain these occurred phenomena this is to be expected, after all the object of study is the most complex and genius creation in nature the human mind. work Cited Lutus, Paul. (2009, May 12) Is Psychology a Science? Retrieved from http//www. arachnoid. com/psychology/index. html Online dictionary www. wordnet. princeton. edu/perl/webwn? s=theory www. rorschach. org

Economic Analysis Essay

The enthusiasm, as well as the anxieties that is gene deemd by the working of the sparing of the unite States is not just US economy gene range is not just obvious but too easy to understand. The United States, with a GDP of 13. 2 gazillion USD, and a population of 300 one million million (with an average yearly per capita income of more than 44,000 USD), is the largest economy of the world (CIA Factbook, 2008). Its currency, the US dollar, even in the throes of its greatest monetary crisis, is the worlds preferred currency, and its markets the worlds biggest.In diversity and amount, the natural resources of the country are greater than those of just about other countries. Many US industries are world(prenominal) leaders, and it remains the favorite marketing target for companies from crossways the world. With the US being the largest trading partner for numerous north and south countries, a large portion of the globose economy relies upon US consumption for survival signi ficant changes in its pattern can lead to global euphoria or gloom. The performance of the US economy is influenced by an pastiche of local and international accompanimentors.Distinguished by particularly low government control, a guiding principle that was first chosen by the founding fathers and followed painstakingly ever since (Oppenheimer, & Reddaway, 1989). Although the government stipulates regulations and ensures inviolability of contracts, most microeconomic decisions are shrinkn by private firms and corporations. (Rowe & Silverstein, 1999) Governmental and Federal Reserve activities occur mainly through the readjustment of tax policies, changes in amour rates, and control of money supply their endeavor being to push the economy in chosen directions rather than to compel it to take up preferred paths.(Oppenheimer, & Reddaway, 1989) The outlast two decades have been particularly turbulent for the economy, marked by lancinate expansion, occasional slowdowns, and the oc currence, in 2008, of a slump of dimensions shrewdly enough to affect the economic fortunes of numerous nations and millions of mint. This assignment aims to assess and analyze the performance of the economy from 1990 until the present day, taking up variant economic developments, the reasons pot the same, and their local and global impact. Commentary Overview of 1990 to 2001The economic performance of an extremely intricate and influential economy akin that of the US relies upon various local and global developments like investments, agricultural, manufacturing and service activity, exports and imports, global and local commodity prices, currency strength, disposable incomes, and consumption patterns. It is also influenced by fiscal and monetary measures like changes in tax policies, interest rates on loans, and reserves of banks, as well as by ongoing developments like price rises, line of products levels, and induction of fresh participants into the work force.Whilst the Un ited States is one of the leading exporters of coal, wheat, corn, and soybeans, its continuous and strong economic growth has increased its dependence upon other countries for vegetable oil and many a(prenominal) other raw materials. In fact the country had become a leading consumer of practically every sort of raw material by the 1960s and growth continued to rise thereafter. The seventies and the 1980s, the decades that preceded the 1990s, were difficult ones and were distinguished by slow economic growth and inflation.While the period was marked by the entry of Japanese industry onto the global stage, the oil price shocks, and the compel bailout of Chrysler, it also witnessed the way out of the service industry and the numerous low businesses in the United States. Whilst the 1980s saw a decrement in inflation rates and the creation of millions of jobs, such developments were accompanied by drastic increases in military expenditure, Medicaid and Medicare costs, corporate deb t and household borrowing (Julius, 2005).Thousands of banks fai lead because of a combination of reasons that include high inflation and interest rates, bad loans to developing nations and speculative touchable estate ventures. The total national debt reached a figure of 290 billion US dollars, the highest manger then. The US economic recovery commenced in 1991 and continued for the rest of the decade it was distinguished by a long period of constant growth and by strong performance in key economic indicators like growth, inflation, unemployment and interest rates.Real growth in GDP stayed at around 3 % for the alone period with a low of 2. 5 % and a high of 3. 9 % in 1998. Unemployment fell from a peak of 7. 5 % to 5. 6 % by the eye of the decade and to less than 5 % after 1997. Americas labor force changed markedly during the 1990s. Continuing a long-term trend, the number of farmers declined. A small portion of workers had jobs in industry, period a much greater share worked in the service sector, in jobs ranging from store clerks to financial planners.If steel and shoes were no longer American manufacturing mainstays, computers and the software that make them run were. (The 1990s and beyond, 2008) Inflation, which had reached dangerously high levels in the 1980s also moderated significantly and remained below 3 % for most of the decade. The only area that witnessed volatility was the telephone circuit market, with stock prices rising by more than 60 % in the closing years of the decade on the tail of low unemployment and good growth figures.The Dow Jones Industrial Average, which had stood at around 1,000 in the late 1970s, went up to as much as 11,000 in 1999, adding advantageously to the riches of many Americans (Julius, 2005). Whilst Clinton, who occupied the Presidency from 1993 to 2000, declared the era of big business to be over in the United States, he worked to strengthen market forces in areas like long distance telephony, reduced the si ze of the federal work force and ensured the continuance of most of the New Deal innovations (The 1990s and beyond, 2008).The economy was also helped greatly by the washout of the Soviet Union and the consequent enlargement of trading opportunities. Technological advances take to the introduction of a astray assortment of educate new electronic products. Numerous innovations in telecommunications and computer networking led to the development of a vast IT industry and revolutionized the operating methods and ways of numerous industries. After peaking at $290,000 million in 1992, the federal budget steadily shrank as economic growth increased tax revenues.In 1998, the government posted its first overplus in 30 years, although a huge debt mainly in the form of promised future Social Security payments to the baby boomers remained (The 1990s and beyond, 2008) The Economy in the twenty-first Century Whilst such developments led a number of economists to believe that the United Sta tes was entering a period of sustained economic growth, economic growth came to a halt in the early 2000s. Much of this was due to the slowing down of the investment boom and the economy went into recession in the second half of 2001, gaucherie a ten year period of economic growth.Along with slowdowns in investment and the widespread crashing of dotcom organizations the economy was terribly hurt by the World dole out Center attacks worsened the economic situation. The recession was absolutely lived and lasted for a period of 8 months and whilst the labor force continued to grow, its rate moderated significantly. Whilst the actual recession was short lived the following years were ones of slow growth. Growth in GDP, which was estimated at 2. 5 % in 2002 continued to be slow in 2003 and unemployment rose significantly in 2003 (Julius, 2005).Huge corporate scams, like the ones at Enron and WorldCom led to erosion of domestic confidence and the recovery process remained slow and slug gish. The downturn in the US economy, which had spurred global economic growth during the 1990s led to a worldwide economic downturn, not just in Europe but also in Japan, Latin America and Southeast Asia (Julius, 2005). Consumer using up increased only after the commencement of the war in Iraq and was accompanied by the improvement of most economic indicators.The exertion of the economy in the 2000s can be broken up in three distinct sections, the recession of 2001 followed by sluggish growth in 2002 and 2003, k straighting economic growth from 2004 to 2007 and financial crisis that enveloped the economy after the housing crash and the mortgage disaster of 2007 (The 1990s and beyond, 2008). The years following 2003 witnessed a recovery ply by consumer spending as the Federal Reserve lowered interest rates and the government reduced taxes. The economy grew at an average annual rate of 3.1 % during this period, a rate not much lower than that achieved during the growth phase of the 1990s. The economy was also bolstered by a USD 500 billion spending on homeland security and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, a jump of 4 trillion USD in household debt and a 50 % increase in prices of real estate (The 1990s and beyond, 2008). With the Fed engineering finance at low interest rates, consumer debt, credit card, and vehicle loans went up from 7. 9 trillion USD to 12. 2 trillion USD, and US consumers went on a spending spree that had no precedent.Inflation was fuelled not just by increasing demand but by sharp increases in oil prices, which went up from 28 dollars a barrel in 2001 to the mid 60s in 2006 and finally to USD 148 a barrel in 2007 before the present-day(prenominal) crisis brought it crashing down. The rise in GDP in 2004-07 was undergirded by substantial gains in labor productivity. Hurricane Katrina caused extensive damage in the Gulf Coast region in August 2005, but had a small impact on overall GDP growth for the year. Soaring oil prices in 2005-200 7 threatened inflation and unemployment, and the economy continued to grow through year-end 2007. (CIA Fact Book, 2008) Tragedy struck the US and global economy in 2007 in the form of the mortgage crisis when economists were predicting a boom the likes of which the world had never seen before. The majority of the problems impacting the US economy have come about because of the development of housing crisis. Whilst housing and construction activities had heavy(p) sharply since 2004, they slackened significantly in 2006 after successive interest rate increases by the Federal Reserve made monthly housing loan repayments substantially more costly for home mortgage holders.With loans having become far more expensive to service, the housing industry went into a slump in 2006 with far lesser home sales on a Year on Year basis. The continuation of this phenomenon into 2007 led to a sharp economic slowdown and was in many ways responsible for the precipitation of the mortgage crisis. The s ub prime mortgage financial crisis in the USA first evidenced itself in 2006, and assumed global proportions in mid 2007.With a combination of a number of economic causes like increased monthly repayment figures and declining home values restricting the unfitness of mortgage holders to meet their repayment terms, mortgage lenders, who until the had ridden the wave of real estate expansion, were hit with huge cash deficits and the inadequate securities to make good their passinges (Bernanke, 2007). The emergence of the sub prime crisis led to the opening of a virtual Pandoras Box of wrong and risky banking practices, and the financial bankruptcy and mortgage foreclosures of thousands of borrowers.It also led to the bankruptcy of huge financial institutions like Lehman Brothers, the virtual collapse of a monolith like Citibank, the collapse of stock markets, the extinction of stock market fortunes of thousands of Americans and finally to a tremendous crunch in availability of funds an d credit. Apart from creating havoc among financial institutions the crisis has also led to tremendous slowing down of economic activity, the loss of thousands of jobs, increasing unemployment, contraction of GDP and enormous economic uncertainty.The sub-prime crisis has put a huge mistrust over broader economic functioning by choking spending and by impacting the progress of the building sector. Whilst most impartial observers are likely to attribute the sub prime crisis to the greed of borrowers and lenders, the lax policies of regulatory authorities is seen by many to be a major contributory factor for the development of this crisis. Laxity in the activity of the Federal reserve, which reduced interest rates in 2001 and kept them low for five years, is considered to be a major reason for the reckless borrowing and lending practices that finally led to the sub prime crisis.The collapse of major banks and financial institutions has led to the development of an enormous credit crun ch, with banks unable to lend money to businesses and to individuals. So far this year, 15 banks have failed, compared with three last year. And Wall Streets five biggest investment firms were swallowed by other companies, filed bankruptcy or converted themselves into commercial banks to weather the financial storm (Bush Bailout computer programme , 2008). With losses not being confined just to mortgage lenders, many banks lost billions of dollars in the bad mortgage debts that they had bought from mortgage companies.This in turn led to sharp reduction in the money available with them and made them unable to engage in any further lending activity. Businesses across a wide spectrum of industry and service sectors find it difficult to obtain funds for operations and growth, a phenomenon that is seriously affecting their regular working, and leading to contraction of business activity, reduction in production and sales, and to reduction of workforce. Thousands of people have been laid off in the banking sector and job losses are now increasing across the spectrum of business companies, not just in the United States but across the world.Reduced employment figures, accompanied by lesser money availability with people who are fortunate enough to hold their jobs, is also leading to sharp drops in demand for a range of products, including automobiles and household goods, and leading to crisis conditions in various sectors of the economy. The US automobile industry, which has been going through a bad patch for the last few years, has been particularly badly hit, with mostly all companies announcing production cuts and job terminations. ConclusionThe duration and severity of the current financial crisis has led many analysts to compare it with the events of the Great Depression, when 9,000 banks failed. Others however feel that while the current crisis is undoubtedly puckish it is far away from reaching the levels of economic grief that characterized the depression of the 1930s. Contracting money supply, tax increases, and protectionist tariffs, factors that were associated with the Great Depression are not present today. Unemployment levels, while rising today are also far below the levels of 25 % that were breached in the 1930s.Todays problem remains associated with the crisis of banking solvency, as is evident from the bankruptcies, forced takeovers and virtual nationalization of large private sector banks. Banks are desperate to first balance their banks and are looking for funds to stay afloat and suffice their existing obligations rather than in providing fresh credit. The government of the United States has come out with a bailout plan that was first estimated at 700 billion US dollars and has now come up to nearly a trillion dollars, a figure equal to the GDP of many prosperous West European economies.The bailout plan envisages the provisioning of hundreds of billions of dollars that the exchequer can use to for the purchase of distress ed assets, particularly mortgage backed securities and for making capital injections into banks. The purpose of the bailout plan is to protect banks, stabilize the economy, improve liquidity, regenerate confidence in financial markets, and encourage consumption. The Federal Reserve has in recent weeks joined with other major central banks to reduce interest rates and the worlds top economic powers are getting together to take concerted action.Such efforts are yet to show significant results and stock markets continue to remain depressed. Slowing consumer demand, labor productivity and, potentially, trade growth worsens the prospects of a mild recession. If the bailout does not soon restore financial stability-and many economists doubt that it will-bailing out the broader economy will require additional public funds and increase burdens on future taxpayers (Gokhale, 2008)Economists also estimate unemployment to increase to hit 7. 5 % by next year and most are in agreement that while the current crisis may not prove to be as impish as the great depression, economic recovery does not appear to be immediately visible and that the economy will remain difficult even if financial markets were to stabilize. In the meanwhile Americans will most probably have to live with shrinking salaries and reducing net worth at least for 2009.